Rat lungworm now in coqui frogs, bufos, even centipedes and crabs.

Coqui frog. Credit: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

This may read like something out of a Godzilla movie, but it has now become clear that rat lungworm disease has now teamed up with coqui frogs.

Researchers last year identified rat lungworm in the invasive, incredibly noisy frogs, and last month published a scientific paper on their findings.

Lungworm is spreading throughout the environment. Itʻs not only in rats, and of course humans and now coqui, but the scientists found it is also in centipedes, greenhouse frogs and even bufos.

The paper, "Occurrence of Rat Lungworm (Angiostrongylus cantonensis) in Invasive Coqui Frogs (Eleutherodactylus coqui) and Other Hosts in Hawaii, USA," was published in the Journal of Wildlife Diseases. The lead author is Chris N. Niebuhr of the USDAʻs National Wildlife Research Center Hawai`i Field Station in Hilo. Co-athors are Susan I. Jarvi, Lisa Kaluna, Bruce L. Torres Fischer, Ashley R. Deane, Israel L. Leinbach, and Shane R. Siers.

It still is not yet clear what role the new carriers play in transmitting the disease to humans, but it is clear that the rat lungworm is finding a pliant host in some of them: "In the frogs and toads, multiple tissue types were positive, including stomach and intestine, muscle, liver, heart, and brain, indicating larval migration," the authors wrote.

Rat lungworm is a nematode, a tiny worm that can cause severe neurological symptoms in humans. Here is the Hawai`i Department of Health website on the disease. 

Symptoms can go from nearly unnoticeable to severe pain and even paralysis.

Humans can be infected by, generally accidentally, eating it. Says the state Department of Health: 

"You can get angiostrongyliasis by eating food contaminated by the larval stage of A. cantonensis worms. In Hawaii, these larval worms can be found in raw or undercooked snails or slugs. Sometimes people can become infected by eating raw produce that contains a small infected snail or slug, or part of one. It is not known for certain whether the slime left by infected snails and slugs are able to cause infection. Angiostrongyliasis is not spread person-to-person."

The many source of human infection in the Islands seems to have been from unnoticed infected worms on salad greens, but as the nematode moves into new hosts, there could be new sources of infection.

The new hosts are referred to as paratenic or transport hosts. They are now believed to include frogs, toads, lizards, centipedes, crabs and other species. And while you might not directly eat these things, you or your pets could still be at risk.

The paperʻs authors wrote: " Although the species discussed here are not known to be intentionally consumed by humans in Hawaii, the ingestion of infected hosts could still pose a threat to other animals, because rat lungworm can infect both domestic and wild animals such as dogs (Canis lupus familiaris), horses (Equus caballus), and birds."

Rat lungworm in rats is excreted in their feces, which can be eaten by snails and slugs, as well as other species. Humans have been infected when eating uncooked greens with live slugs on them. 

With the disease now in frogs and toads and centipedes and the rest, new transmission could occur when uninfected rats eat infected specimens of those creatures. And with so many different carriers, it is possible new ways will emerge for humans to be impacted.

This is still an active area of research, the authors say, and more needs to be learned:

"Although our report of rat lungworm infections in frogs and centipedes implicates them as possible disease reservoirs, further investigations are warranted to better understand the role paratenic hosts may be playing in angiostrongyliasis transmission in Hawaii."

©Jan TenBruggencate 2020

Climate change causing deep ocean churning

The oceans around Hawai`i are changing in many ways—and the latest to be detected is how fast the great currents flow.

Certainly the seas are warming, are acidifying, are rising, but now thereʻs evidence they are churning in ways that had not been predicted.

The evidence has been building. Five years ago, a paper in Science by Scripps researchers Dean Roemmich and John Gilson reported the great South Pacific Gyre had been increasing in speed, driven by increased surface winds. 

Those winds drive currents, and the currents have been speeding up for the past quarter-century, says a new report in Science Advances. 

"We have found a strong acceleration in the global mean ocean circulation over the past two decades. The acceleration is deep-reaching and particularly prominent in the global tropical oceans and can be attributed to the planetary intensification of surface winds since the 1990s," the authors wrote.

The currents not only are increasing in energy by 15 percent a decade, but they are also driving ocean mixing between shallow and deep waters.

"The increasing trend in kinetic energy is particularly prominent in the global tropical oceans, reaching depths of thousands of meters," say the authors, Chinese, American and Australian researchers Shijian Hu, Janet Sprintall, Cong Guan, Michael J. McPhaden, Fan Wang, Dunxin Hu and Wenju Cai. The paper is entitled "Deep-reaching acceleration of global mean ocean circulation over the past two decades."

What that means is complicated. It can mean that more atmospheric heating can be trapped and delivered into the deep oceans, reducing some of the immediate surface impacts of global warming, but also changing conditions for marine life in the deep oceans. It can change weather patterns on land and over the seas.

There is still a lot to know. Most of this paper is based on observations that go down 2000 meters (a little more than a mile), and it is still uncertain whatʻs happening in the very deep oceans.

"The data-void abyssal ocean is likely to be important. Thus, intensive observations that monitor the deep global ocean circulation are urgently needed not only for understanding past conditions but also for reducing uncertainty in future projections of the global ocean circulation," the authors say.

Wind speed is driving the increased water speed, and wind speeds are expected to continue to increase.

As little as 10 years ago, scientists were concerned that climate change was quieting the worldʻs winds, but even as they were writing those papers, the winds were picking up, dramatically.

©Jan TenBruggencate 2020